Eunice Newton Foote’s pioneering work on this effect was overshadowed by John Tyndall. This effect drove a positive feedback loop during the Permian-Triassic mass extinction according to the clathrate gun hypothesis, (10[2])which predicts the breakdown of permafrost. This effect is caused by infrared-active substances (-5[1])that exert a positive radiative (10[2])forcing by absorbing outgoing longwave radiation. (10[2])This effect decreases planetary albedo and unbalances the planet’s energy budget. This effect causes Venus to be warmer than Mercury. (10[1])For 10 points, global warming is driven by what effect in which gases like methane and carbon dioxide trap energy inside the atmosphere? ■END■ (10[1])