greenhouse effect - 2025 ACF Fall

Question

Eunice Newton Foote’s pioneering work on this effect was overshadowed (10[1])by John Tyndall. (10[1])This effect (10[1])drove (10[1])a positive feedback loop during the Permian-Triassic mass extinction (10[1]-5[1])according to (10[1])the (10[1])clathrate gun (10[2])hypothesis, (10[8])which predicts (-5[1])the breakdown (10[1])of permafrost. (10[2]-5[2])This (10[2])effect (10[2])is (10[3])caused (10[3])by (10[2])infrared-active (10[4])substances (10[9]-5[3])that exert (10[3]-5[1])a positive (10[3])radiative (10[3])forcing (10[4])by absorbing (10[1])outgoing (10[2])longwave (10[4])radiation. (10[10]-5[1])This (10[1])effect (10[1]-5[1])decreases (10[1])planetary (10[1]-5[1])albedo (10[1])and unbalances (10[1]-5[1])the planet’s (10[1])energy budget. (10[2])This effect causes Venus to be warmer (10[2])than (10[2])Mercury. (10[6])For 10 (10[1])points, (10[2])global (10[2])warming is (10[1])driven (-5[1])by what effect in which gases (10[1])like (10[1])methane (10[1])and carbon dioxide trap energy inside the atmosphere? (10[1])■END■ (10[5])

ANSWER: greenhouse effect [accept greenhouse gases; prompt on GHGs; prompt on global warming or anthropogenic climate change by asking “that is caused by what effect?”]

= Average correct buzz position

Summary


Upstate NY	Main	Y	5	100%	0%	0%	42.40
Eastern Canada (1)	Main	Y	4	100%	0%	0%	54.25
Eastern Canada (2)	Main	Y	9	100%	0%	0%	38.67
Florida	Main	Y	4	100%	0%	0%	55.50
Great Lakes	Main	Y	10	100%	0%	10%	58.60
Lower Mid-Atlantic	Main	Y	9	100%	0%	0%	47.89
Upper Mid-Atlantic	Main	Y	9	100%	0%	22%	51.89
Midwest	Main	Y	9	100%	0%	11%	41.44
North	Main	Y	4	100%	0%	25%	57.25
Northeast	Main	Y	11	100%	0%	18%	56.27
South Central	Main	Y	6	100%	0%	17%	48.83
Southeast	Main	Y	12	100%	0%	33%	66.33
Northern California	Main	Y	4	100%	0%	0%	39.75
UK (South)	UK	Y	8	100%	0%	13%	54.50
UK (North)	UK	Y	5	100%	0%	0%	56.00

Buzzes

Player	Team	Opponent	Buzz Position	Value
Jack Piros	Illinois Orange	Chicago A	9	10
Matthew Bucek	George Mason A	Columbia A	12	10
Solomon Blecher	Cornell D	Rochester	14	10
Olivia Parisotto	Toronto B	Toronto I	15	10
Wren Horne-Sarkees	Harvard	Williams A	24	-5
Alex Mayernick	Lehigh A	Columbia B	24	10
Aaryan Sumesh	Berkeley Archer Queen	Berkeley Little Prince	26	10
Beckett Pursey	Purdue B	Illinois Champaign	27	10
Susanna Liao	Waterloo A	Queen's A	29	10
Aiden Shields	Clemson A	Tennessee B	29	10
Dylan Steptoe	Guelph A	Waterloo B	30	10
Michael Shipman	Cambridge D	Warwick	30	10
Harry Oxley	Imperial C	Cardiff	30	10
Joseph Strom	Louisville B	Kentucky	30	10
Bonham Buchannon	Louisville D	CWRU D	30	10
Liam Rojas	Virginia A	Liberty C	30	10
Asheton Wilbanks	Clemson B	Vanderbilt A	30	10
Galen Mueller	McGill B	Carleton A	30	10
Nathan Woolery	Louisville C	CWRU C	32	-5
Matthew Kohn	Williams A	Harvard	34	10
Misty Chen	Purdue C	WashU Grizzlers	36	10
Connor King	St. Thomas	Macalester	36	-5
Kaushik Jayaprabha	Dartmouth C	Amherst A	36	-5
Sage Snow	Central Oklahoma A	Rose State	36	10
Sidarth Erat	MIT A	Tufts A	37	10
Ben Stras	Wisconsin C	Iowa State	37	10
Sam Beshear	Murray State College B	Central Oklahoma B	38	10
Ben Mowery	Vermont A	Williams B	38	10
Yishak Kelkay	ERAU Daytona A	Florida B	39	10
Kevin Yang	Illinois Blue	Purdue D	39	10
Camden Walker	WashU Grolars	Illinois Canada	39	10
Andrew Harms	Michigan State A	Ohio State D	40	10
Kevin Cronk	Virginia Tech C	Liberty B	40	10
Kelvin Ni	NYU A	Stony Brook	40	10
Thomas Newill	Tufts C	Boston University A	41	10
William Kiker	Dartmouth A	Vermont B	41	10
Blake Kim-Wansbrough	Toronto A	Toronto H	42	10
Stephen Donoghue	Sheffield B	York	42	10
Gregory Stone	ESF	Cornell C	42	10
Nolan Travers	Tulsa A	Oklahoma	42	10
Vijay Hans	Berkeley Boss Bandit	UCSC	43	10
Danny Han	Stanford B	Berkeley Mighty Miner	43	10
Platon Gorokhov	Toronto E	Brock A	43	10
Ethen Sun	Toronto C	Toronto F	43	10
Michael Xu	McMaster B	Toronto G	43	10
Matthew Westley	Purdue A	Illinois Urbana	43	10
Nina Bindra	Southampton	Cambridge C	43	-5
Isaiah Schmid	Binghamton B	Cornell A	43	10
Samuel Li	William & Mary A	Duke A	43	10
Emily Kadolph	Virginia Tech B	NCSU B	43	10
Nolan King	Nebraska C	Murray State College A	43	-5
Jun Chen	George Mason C	Maryland A	43	-5
Nathan Zhao	Maryland B	Rutgers A	45	10
Tishe Sonuga	Chicago B	Iowa A	45	-5
Jackson McDonald	Alabama A	Georgia Tech A	45	10
Vedang Singhal	UNC C	JMU A	45	10
Hansen Jin	Berkeley Skeleton King	Stanford A	47	10
Jesse Mindel	NCSU A	William & Mary B	47	10
Jake Markus	Dartmouth B	Brandeis Bach	47	10
Antara Bhattacharya	Cambridge A	Birmingham	48	10
Judah Solomon	Imperial D	Oxford	48	10
Daniel Abrams	Rutgers B	Vassar A	48	10
Will Marcotte	Toronto D	McMaster C	49	10
Alex Dzurick	William Woods University A	Iowa B	49	10
Leonard Castine	Penn	NYU C	49	10
Moses Dong	Georgia Tech F	Auburn B	49	10
Emma Gates	Brown A	Williams C	51	10
Jacob Ergueta	Florida A	Florida State A	52	10
Caleb Rowe	Nebraska B	Kansas State B	52	10
Austin Tran	Rose-Hulman A	Indiana A	53	10
Ian Saylor	Wisconsin A	Michigan Tech	53	10
Sarah Dong	Michigan A	Ohio State B	53	10
Cole Hammans	Nebraska A	Kansas State A	53	10
Malcolm Meyn	McGill C	Ottawa B	54	10
Seth Allen	McMaster A	Waterloo C	54	10
Andreas Ktori	Durham A	Edinburgh B	54	10
Pen Hughes	Edinburgh C	Durham D	54	10
Oliver West	Cambridge B	Bristol	54	10
Rory Moloney	Cambridge E	Imperial B	54	10
Zac Stapler	Pittsburgh	Michigan State C	54	10
Nathan Redford	Liberty A	Virginia Tech A	54	10
Margaret Withers	George Mason B	NYU B	54	10
Emerson Patmore	Georgia Tech C	Sewanne	54	-5
Doug Frederick	Auburn A	Georgia Tech E	54	10
Joseph Cole	UNC A	Tusculum A	55	10
Jake Scoville	RIT B	Binghamton C	56	10
Jeremy Scurlock	Chipola College	Tennessee A	56	-5
Peter Smith	Binghamton A	Cornell B	57	10
Leighton Karpinia	Florida Tech A	UCF A	58	10
John Shelly	Rowan	Maryland C	58	-5
Anthony Gagliano	McGill A	McGill E	59	10
Daniel Luebs	Michigan State B	WVU A	61	10
Joanna Xiao	Georgia Tech B	Georgia Tech D	61	-5
Henry L'Heureux	Minnesota	Wisconsin B	63	10
Charlotte Nicholas	Durham B	Edinburgh A	65	10
James Bramley	Durham C	Edinburgh D	65	10
Angelo Pan	CWRU A	WVU B	72	10
Rae Prince	Murray State College A	Nebraska C	72	10
Miles Phillips	Florida Tech B	South Florida A	73	10
Brayden Zhang	Vanderbilt B	Mississippi State A	73	10
Valerie Brown	Carleton B	Ottawa A	74	10
Shlok Dev	LSE	Imperial A	74	10
Sewanth Paudel	Ohio State C	Michigan B	74	10
Snehan Saroch	Louisville A	Michigan State D	74	10
Ezra Zareba	UNC B	JMU B	74	10
Alina Moore	Tennessee A	Chipola College	74	10
Ben Weng	Macalester	St. Thomas	76	10
Jacky Li	MIT B	Boston College B	77	10
Jonathan Schnipper	Brandeis Mozart	Brown B	77	10
Owen Ashbrook	Iowa A	Chicago B	78	10
Nikhil Nair	Boston University B	UConn A	78	10
Andy Truette	Clemson C	Auburn C	80	10
Sam Chernoff	Emory A	Montevallo	81	-5
Brigitte McNulty	Georgia A	Vanderbilt C	87	10
Nikki Chaco	Georgia Tech D	Georgia Tech B	88	10
Max Lopez	Montevallo	Emory A	89	10
Ben Spirtas	Maryland C	Rowan	97	10
Advaith Jagannath	Cambridge C	Southampton	98	10
Arjun Saulnier	CWRU C	Louisville C	98	10
Xavier Bornhorst	Maryland A	George Mason C	98	10
Vikram Rajmohan	Amherst A	Dartmouth C	98	10
Isabel Dent	Sewanne	Georgia Tech C	98	10

Upstate NY

Main

100%

42.40

Eastern Canada (1)

Main

100%

54.25

Eastern Canada (2)

Main

100%

38.67

Florida

Main

100%

55.50

Great Lakes

Main

100%

10%

58.60

Lower Mid-Atlantic

Main

100%

47.89

Upper Mid-Atlantic

Main

100%

22%

51.89

Midwest

Main

100%

11%

41.44

North

Main

100%

25%

57.25

Northeast

Main

100%

18%

56.27

South Central

Main

100%

17%

48.83

Southeast

Main

100%

33%

66.33

Northern California

Main

100%

39.75

UK (South)

100%

13%

54.50

UK (North)

100%

56.00

Player

Team

Opponent

Buzz Position

Value

Jack Piros

Illinois Orange

Chicago A

Matthew Bucek

George Mason A

Columbia A

Solomon Blecher

Cornell D

Rochester

Olivia Parisotto

Toronto B

Toronto I

Wren Horne-Sarkees

Harvard

Williams A

-5

Alex Mayernick

Lehigh A

Columbia B

Aaryan Sumesh

Berkeley Archer Queen

Berkeley Little Prince

Beckett Pursey

Purdue B

Illinois Champaign

Susanna Liao

Waterloo A

Queen's A

Aiden Shields

Clemson A

Tennessee B

Dylan Steptoe

Guelph A

Waterloo B

Michael Shipman

Cambridge D

Warwick

Harry Oxley

Imperial C

Cardiff

Joseph Strom

Louisville B

Kentucky

Bonham Buchannon

Louisville D

CWRU D

Liam Rojas

Virginia A

Liberty C

Asheton Wilbanks

Clemson B

Vanderbilt A

Galen Mueller

McGill B

Carleton A

Nathan Woolery

Louisville C

CWRU C

-5

Matthew Kohn

Williams A

Harvard

Misty Chen

Purdue C

WashU Grizzlers

Connor King

St. Thomas

Macalester

-5

Kaushik Jayaprabha

Dartmouth C

Amherst A

-5

Sage Snow

Central Oklahoma A

Rose State

Sidarth Erat

MIT A

Tufts A

Ben Stras

Wisconsin C

Iowa State

Sam Beshear

Murray State College B

Central Oklahoma B

Ben Mowery

Vermont A

Williams B

Yishak Kelkay

ERAU Daytona A

Florida B

Kevin Yang

Illinois Blue

Purdue D

Camden Walker

WashU Grolars

Illinois Canada

Andrew Harms

Michigan State A

Ohio State D

Kevin Cronk

Virginia Tech C

Liberty B

Kelvin Ni

NYU A

Stony Brook

Thomas Newill

Tufts C

Boston University A

William Kiker

Dartmouth A

Vermont B

Blake Kim-Wansbrough

Toronto A

Toronto H

Stephen Donoghue

Sheffield B

York

Gregory Stone

ESF

Cornell C

Nolan Travers

Tulsa A

Oklahoma

Vijay Hans

Berkeley Boss Bandit

UCSC

Danny Han

Stanford B

Berkeley Mighty Miner

Platon Gorokhov

Toronto E

Brock A

Ethen Sun

Toronto C

Toronto F

Michael Xu

McMaster B

Toronto G

Matthew Westley

Purdue A

Illinois Urbana

Nina Bindra

Southampton

Cambridge C

-5

Isaiah Schmid

Binghamton B

Cornell A

Samuel Li

William & Mary A

Duke A

Emily Kadolph

Virginia Tech B

NCSU B

Nolan King

Nebraska C

Murray State College A

-5

Jun Chen

George Mason C

Maryland A

-5

Nathan Zhao

Maryland B

Rutgers A

Tishe Sonuga

Chicago B

Iowa A

-5

Jackson McDonald

Alabama A

Georgia Tech A

Vedang Singhal

UNC C

JMU A

Hansen Jin

Berkeley Skeleton King

Stanford A

Jesse Mindel

NCSU A

William & Mary B

Jake Markus

Dartmouth B

Brandeis Bach

Antara Bhattacharya

Cambridge A

Birmingham

Judah Solomon

Imperial D

Oxford

Daniel Abrams

Rutgers B

Vassar A

Will Marcotte

Toronto D

McMaster C

Alex Dzurick

William Woods University A

Iowa B

Leonard Castine

Penn

NYU C

Moses Dong

Georgia Tech F

Auburn B

Emma Gates

Brown A

Williams C

Jacob Ergueta

Florida A

Florida State A

Caleb Rowe

Nebraska B

Kansas State B

Austin Tran

Rose-Hulman A

Indiana A

Ian Saylor

Wisconsin A

Michigan Tech

Sarah Dong

Michigan A

Ohio State B

Cole Hammans

Nebraska A

Kansas State A

Malcolm Meyn

McGill C

Ottawa B

Seth Allen

McMaster A

Waterloo C

Andreas Ktori

Durham A

Edinburgh B

Pen Hughes

Edinburgh C

Durham D

Oliver West

Cambridge B

Bristol

Rory Moloney

Cambridge E

Imperial B

Zac Stapler

Pittsburgh

Michigan State C

Nathan Redford

Liberty A

Virginia Tech A

Margaret Withers

George Mason B

NYU B

Emerson Patmore

Georgia Tech C

Sewanne

-5

Doug Frederick

Auburn A

Georgia Tech E

Joseph Cole

UNC A

Tusculum A

Jake Scoville

RIT B

Binghamton C

Jeremy Scurlock

Chipola College

Tennessee A

-5

Peter Smith

Binghamton A

Cornell B

Leighton Karpinia

Florida Tech A

UCF A

John Shelly

Rowan

Maryland C

-5

Anthony Gagliano

McGill A

McGill E

Daniel Luebs

Michigan State B

WVU A

Joanna Xiao

Georgia Tech B

Georgia Tech D

-5

Henry L'Heureux

Minnesota

Wisconsin B

Charlotte Nicholas

Durham B

Edinburgh A

James Bramley

Durham C

Edinburgh D

Angelo Pan

CWRU A

WVU B

Rae Prince

Murray State College A

Nebraska C

Miles Phillips

Florida Tech B

South Florida A

Brayden Zhang

Vanderbilt B

Mississippi State A

Valerie Brown

Carleton B

Ottawa A

Shlok Dev

LSE

Imperial A

Sewanth Paudel

Ohio State C

Michigan B

Snehan Saroch

Louisville A

Michigan State D

Ezra Zareba

UNC B

JMU B

Alina Moore

Tennessee A

Chipola College

Ben Weng

Macalester

St. Thomas

Jacky Li

MIT B

Boston College B

Jonathan Schnipper

Brandeis Mozart

Brown B

Owen Ashbrook

Iowa A

Chicago B

Nikhil Nair

Boston University B

UConn A

Andy Truette

Clemson C

Auburn C

Sam Chernoff

Emory A

Montevallo

-5

Brigitte McNulty

Georgia A

Vanderbilt C

Nikki Chaco

Georgia Tech D

Georgia Tech B

Max Lopez

Montevallo

Emory A

Ben Spirtas

Maryland C

Rowan

Advaith Jagannath

Cambridge C

Southampton

Arjun Saulnier

CWRU C

Louisville C

Xavier Bornhorst

Maryland A

George Mason C

Vikram Rajmohan

Amherst A

Dartmouth C

Isabel Dent

Sewanne

Georgia Tech C