Eunice Newton Foote’s pioneering work on this effect was overshadowed by John Tyndall. This effect drove a positive feedback loop during the Permian-Triassic mass extinction according to the clathrate gun hypothesis, (10[2])which predicts (-5[1])the breakdown of permafrost. This effect is caused (10[1])by infrared-active substances that exert a positive radiative forcing by absorbing outgoing longwave (10[1])radiation. (10[1])This effect decreases planetary albedo and unbalances (10[1])the planet’s energy budget. This effect causes Venus to be warmer (10[1])than Mercury. (10[2])For 10 points, global warming is driven by what effect in which gases like methane and carbon dioxide trap energy inside the atmosphere? ■END■ (10[1])