A form of “robustness” in which this quantity is constant across stoichiometric compatibility classes is exemplified by the E. coli glyoxylate bypass system. The time evolution of a vector of these quantities gives the dynamics of a chemical reaction network. Limit cycles in the space of these quantities arise in the Brusselator model, which models the color changes of the BZ reaction. To better model real electrolytes, Debye–Hückel theory scales these quantities by (*) activity (10[1])coefficients. The time derivative of this quantity for a reaction (10[1])intermediate is assumed to be zero in the steady-state approximation. In rate laws for reactions in solution, species’ values for this quantity are raised to their stoichiometric (10[1])coefficients. For 10 points, dilution decreases what quantity whose unit is moles (10[1])per liter? ■END■