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Detection of the phosphorylated histone protein gamma-H2AX (“gamma-h-two-a-x”) is commonly used to assay for this phenomenon. For 10 points each:
[10m] Name this phenomenon induced by Cas9 during CRISPR editing to trigger either non-homologous end joining or HDR. Thymine dimers are produced in the “direct” form of this general phenomenon.
ANSWER: DNA damage [accept double-strand breaks or DSBs; prompt on damage or breaks or lesions or errors by asking “to what molecule?”]
[10e] Unrepaired DNA damage can cause aberrant “micro” examples of this organelle to form. This organelle dissolves during mitosis and contains a cell’s chromosomes.
ANSWER: nucleus [or nuclei; accept micronucleus or micronuclei]
[10h] DNA damage in micronuclei can result in chromothripsis, in which many of these events catastrophically occur simultaneously in a localized cluster. One type of these events forms in the BCR-ABL protein in CML.
ANSWER: chromosomal rearrangements [prompt on reciprocal translocations, deletions, inversions, or duplications by asking “what more general type of event is that?”; prompt on mutations] (The BCR-ABL1 fusion gene is found on the Philadelphia chromosome, which is formed by a translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22.)
<Biology>

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Oxford BBristol B010010
ManchesterCambridge B010010
Durham ASouthampton A1010020
Durham ASouthampton B010010
Durham ASouthampton B010010
Durham ASouthampton A1010020
Cambridge CImperial A1010020
Warwick BLSE A010010
BirminghamLSE B010010
Oxford ACambridge D010010
Southampton ACambridge A010010
Durham ASouthampton A100010
Durham ASouthampton B0000
Durham ASouthampton B0000
Durham ASouthampton A100010
Bristol AVanderbilt010010
Durham BWarwick A010010