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Detection of the phosphorylated histone protein gamma-H2AX (“gamma-h-two-a-x”) is commonly used to assay for this phenomenon. For 10 points each:
[10m] Name this phenomenon induced by Cas9 during CRISPR editing to trigger either non-homologous end joining or HDR. Thymine dimers are produced in the “direct” form of this general phenomenon.
ANSWER: DNA damage [accept double-strand breaks or DSBs; prompt on damage or breaks or lesions or errors by asking “to what molecule?”]
[10e] Unrepaired DNA damage can cause aberrant “micro” examples of this organelle to form. This organelle dissolves during mitosis and contains a cell’s chromosomes.
ANSWER: nucleus [or nuclei; accept micronucleus or micronuclei]
[10h] DNA damage in micronuclei can result in chromothripsis, in which many of these events catastrophically occur simultaneously in a localized cluster. One type of these events forms in the BCR-ABL protein in CML.
ANSWER: chromosomal rearrangements [prompt on reciprocal translocations, deletions, inversions, or duplications by asking “what more general type of event is that?”; prompt on mutations] (The BCR-ABL1 fusion gene is found on the Philadelphia chromosome, which is formed by a translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22.)
<Biology>

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MissouriArkansas010010
Central OklahomaOregon State010010
Mississippi StateColorado College0000
IowaOle Miss0101020
NYU BVassar B0000
Texas ATexas B010010
WUSTL ATexas C010010
Vassar ATexas D1010020