These devices can be fusion spliced together to maintain a low gap loss after generating a quality cleave in them using the scribe-and-tension method. These devices are produced from multi-story draw towers. Erbium-doped amplifiers are used in conjunction with these devices to prevent degradation and allow them to leverage wavelength-division multiplexing. The acceptance angle of these devices corresponds to their numerical aperture. (-5[1])Dispersion limits the maximum length of the multi-mode types of these waveguides, which have a higher ratio (10[1])of core to cladding diameter than their single-mode type. For 10 points, total internal reflection confines light (10[2])inside what long, (10[1])thin communication devices (10[1])used for high-speed (10[1])Internet? ■END■ (0[1])