Question
Judea Pearl pioneered the use of directed acyclic graphs, or DAGs, for studying this relationship. For 10 points each:
[10e] Name this relationship often quantified via treatment effects. Randomized controlled trials are the gold standard in a field devoted to inference about this relationship.
ANSWER: causality [or causation; accept word forms such as cause; accept causal inference]
[10m] In an analysis named for these features, causal effects on a DAG are found by summing products of coefficients named for them. The rise of the QWERTY keyboard exemplifies a “dependence” on these features in economics.
ANSWER: paths [accept path analysis; accept path coefficients; accept path dependence]
[10h] Independent variables in a DAG can be made dependent by conditioning on one of these variables, so named because two arrows point into them. Berkson’s paradox exemplifies a form of bias named for these variables, in which controlling for one of them induces spurious correlations.
ANSWER: colliders [accept collider bias]
<Morrison, Social Science>
Summary
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