This thinker distinguished “active” and “passive” citizens by whether they possessed independence, arguing that a just system would allow mobility between those classes. An “unwritten political philosophy” in this thinker’s aesthetics was located by Hannah Arendt. A proposal to limit the rights of “citizens of the world” to universal hospitality (15[1])is among (*) three definitive and six preliminary articles proposed by this philosopher. The elimination of assassins and standing armies were among the (10[1])solutions (10[1])this philosopher (10[1])outlined in his book Toward Perpetual Peace. (10[3])This philosopher had earlier proposed a “kingdom” where everyone treats each other as ends in themselves, a concept introduced in a “groundwork.” For 10 points, name this philosopher who wrote the Metaphysics of Morals. ■END■