Original-language term required. Mark Siderits defended an “indeterminate” form of one of these things in a paper on Monima Chadha’s Kantianism. One of these things is often discussed with the example of an overweight man who fasts in the day and eats at night. In a commentary on Dignaga’s apoha theory of universals, Dharmakīrti argued for a “negative” one of these things called anupalabdhi. The example of a gavaya, a buffalo similar to a cow, is often used to discuss one of these things. Through subparts including a (*) hetu “mark,” one of these links the sight of smoke to the stock example of fire on a mountain; that is anumāna, which is second only to pratyakṣa among these things. Though there are classically six of these things, the Nyāya school recognizes four, and the Vaiśeṣika (“vye-SHESH-ick-uh”) school only two, whose names roughly translate to “inference” and “perception.” For 10 points, name these “sources of knowledge” in Indian epistemology. ■END■
ANSWER: pramāṇas [or pramāṇa-śāstra; or prāmāṇyavāda; prompt on pramā by asking “what precursor to that?”; prompt on anupalabdhi or upamāna or anumāna until each is read by asking “that is an example of what things?”]
<MJ, Philosophy>
= Average correct buzz position