To measure disparities in this quantity, Ronald Oaxaca (“wah-HAH-kah”) and Alan Blinder independently developed the econometric “decomposition” technique. Studies on the effect of age and Armed Forces Qualification Test scores on varying levels of this quantity were discredited by stratification economists like William Darity. The log of this quantity is calculated by the Mincer equation using education as an input. The “efficiency” type of this quantity modeled by (*) Shapiro and Stiglitz (-5[1])suggests higher values for it prevent shirking. A difference-in-differences study by Card and Krueger (10[1])observed levels of this quantity in Pennsylvania and New Jersey restaurants. This quantity’s equilibrium is where labor demand meets labor supply. For 10 points, the gender “gap” of what quantity (10[1])states women derive less income than men? ■END■