Answer the following about spontaneous symmetry breaking in particle physics, for 10 points each.
[10e] The W and Z types of these particles require a spontaneous symmetry breaking to explain their nonzero observed mass. One of these particles named for Higgs that imparts mass was discovered in 2012.
ANSWER: bosons [accept W boson or Z boson or Higgs boson]
[10h] Name or describe this feat that was accomplished by Adolf Erik Nordenskiold on the Vega expedition. Georgy Brusilov’s expedition disappeared trying to accomplish this feat.
ANSWER: crossing the Northeast Passage [or sailing, exploring, traveling through, traversing, or going through the Northeast Passage; accept Northern Sea Route or NSR in place of “Northeast Passage”; reject answers mentioning the “Northwest Passage”]
[10h] For every symmetry that is spontaneously broken, one of these massless spin-zero bosons appears. Pions, which appear in chiral symmetry breaking, often are regarded as “pseudo-” these bosons.
ANSWER: Nambu–Goldstone bosons [or NGBs; accept pseudo-Nambu–Goldstone bosons]
[10e] An explorer from this country named Roald Amundsen led the first expedition verified to have reached the South Pole. Arctic explorer Fridtjof (“FREET-yof”) Nansen was from this country.
ANSWER: Norway [or Kingdom of Norway; accept Kongeriket Norge or Kongeriket Noreg]
[10m] The symmetries in spontaneous symmetry breaking imply that there are corresponding conservation laws, according to a theorem named for this mathematician.
ANSWER: Emmy Noether (“NUR-tur”) [or Amalie Emmy Noether; accept Noether’s theorem]
[10m] Nansen worked alongside this leader on refugee programs. This man, who governed under Josef Terboven, was later executed at Akershus Fortress in 1945.
ANSWER: Vidkun Quisling [or Vidkun Abraham Lauritz Jonsson Quisling]
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