Question
Answer the following about spontaneous symmetry breaking in particle physics, for 10 points each.
[10e] The W and Z types of these particles require a spontaneous symmetry breaking to explain their nonzero observed mass. One of these particles named for Higgs that imparts mass was discovered in 2012.
ANSWER: bosons [accept W boson or Z boson or Higgs boson]
[10h] For every symmetry that is spontaneously broken, one of these massless spin-zero bosons appears. Pions, which appear in chiral symmetry breaking, often are regarded as “pseudo-” these bosons.
ANSWER: Nambu–Goldstone bosons [or NGBs; accept pseudo-Nambu–Goldstone bosons]
[10m] The symmetries in spontaneous symmetry breaking imply that there are corresponding conservation laws, according to a theorem named for this mathematician.
ANSWER: Emmy Noether (“NUR-tur”) [or Amalie Emmy Noether; accept Noether’s theorem]
<Physics>
Summary
| 2024 ACF Winter at UC Berkeley | 2024-11-16 | Y | 3 | 30.00 | 100% | 100% | 100% |
| 2024 ACF Winter at Clemson | 2024-11-16 | Y | 6 | 18.33 | 100% | 83% | 0% |
| 2024 ACF Winter at Lehigh | 2024-11-16 | Y | 8 | 20.00 | 100% | 63% | 38% |
| 2024 ACF Winter at Northwestern | 2024-11-16 | Y | 9 | 24.44 | 100% | 100% | 44% |
| 2024 ACF Winter at Ohio State | 2024-11-16 | Y | 6 | 20.00 | 100% | 83% | 17% |
| 2024 ACF Winter at Online | 2024-11-16 | Y | 8 | 13.75 | 100% | 38% | 0% |
| 2024 ACF Winter at UBC | 2024-11-16 | Y | 3 | 16.67 | 100% | 67% | 0% |
| 2024 ACF Winter at Central Florida | 2024-11-16 | Y | 3 | 20.00 | 100% | 67% | 33% |
| 2024 ACF Winter at Oxford | 2024-11-16 | Y | 11 | 18.18 | 91% | 82% | 9% |
Data
| Oxford B | Bristol B | 10 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| Manchester | Cambridge B | 10 | 0 | 10 | 20 |
| Southampton B | Durham A | 10 | 0 | 10 | 20 |
| Cambridge C | Imperial A | 10 | 0 | 10 | 20 |
| LSE A | Warwick B | 10 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| Birmingham | LSE B | 10 | 0 | 10 | 20 |
| Oxford A | Cambridge D | 10 | 10 | 10 | 30 |
| Cambridge A | Southampton A | 10 | 0 | 10 | 20 |
| Durham A | Southampton A | 0 | 0 | 10 | 10 |
| Bristol A | Vanderbilt | 10 | 0 | 10 | 20 |
| Warwick A | Durham B | 10 | 0 | 10 | 20 |