In the paper Models and Reality, Hilary Putnam discusses one of these statements named for Skolem. While explaining one of these statements, Carl Gustav Hempel imagined melting ice with a colorless flame and argued for applying Nicod’s criterion. The study of these statements led Ramsey to develop the Theory of Simple Types. (10[1])Investigating these statements caused Graham Priest to develop the first-order logic (10[1])LP with three values. An appendix was hastily made for the Grundgesetze (“GROOND-guh-ZETTS-uh”) when one of these statements was derived from Frege’s Basic Law V, undermining logicism. One of these statements named for liars can be resolved (10[2])with the position of dialetheism (“die-uh-LEE-thee-ism”), while another attributed to Zeno involves an arrow flying in space. For 10 points, name these statements in the study of logic that appear to contradict themselves. ■END■