A 2021 paper by Callaway and Sant’Anna proposed a variant of this technique to avoid a problematic “two-way fixed effect” specification for “staggered” designs. The “Ashenfelter dip” raises problems for this technique if it is unknown whether a shock is permanent or transitory. A 2004 paper by Marianne Bertrand et al. that asks “How Much Should We Trust [this technique]” (10[1])simulates inconsistent standard errors using “placebo laws.” A key assumption underlying this technique is the presence of parallel trends (10[1])in the pre-period. Card and Krueger used this technique to study the effect of an increase in minimum wages on employment (10[1])in Pennsylvania. For 10 points, name this causal inference technique that compares the change in an outcome variable over time between treatment and control groups. ■END■