A large value of this quantity’s “peculiar” form is responsible for a distortion known as the “Fingers of God” effect. For 10 points each:
[10h] Identify this quantity. The Faber–Jackson relation states that the luminosity of an elliptical galaxy is proportional to the fourth power of this quantity’s dispersion.
ANSWER: velocity [accept velocity dispersion or peculiar velocity]
[10e] Unlike the Faber–Jackson relation, the M–sigma relation concerns stars’ velocity as they orbit a galaxy with a supermassive one of these bodies in the center. These bodies allow no light to escape inside their event horizon.
ANSWER: black holes [accept supermassive black holes]
[10m] Vera Rubin’s observation of stellar velocity remaining constant with respect to distance in galaxies led her to hypothesize the existence of this substance. About 27% of the universe’s mass-energy is this substance.
ANSWER: dark matter [reject “dark energy”]
<Other Science>