A 6th-century text on this field distinguishes between a process “for the other” versus one “for the self,” the latter of which must use the joining word called a linga. The Svatantrika–Prasaṅgika distinction concerns the application of methods in this field. The trairūpya were applied to this field in a foundational text on it, (-5[1])Dignaga’s Hetucakra. (-5[1])In Buddhist tradition, this field is called hetu-vidya and is used in tandem with pramāṇa-vāda, roughly equivalent to Western (*) epistemology. (-5[2])A Jain innovation in this field that makes use of the term syat, (-5[1])or “arguably,” involves the deployment of seven (10[1])distinct (10[1])predicates. (10[4])This field includes a tetralemma (10[1])with the values of “X and not X” and (10[1])“neither (10[1])X nor not X.” For 10 points, Buddhist and Hindu thinkers developed forms of deduction (10[2])and induction (10[2])when studying what field? (10[2])■END■ (10[3])