A 6th-century text on this field distinguishes between a process “for the other” versus one “for the self,” the latter of which must use the joining word called a linga. The Svatantrika–Prasaṅgika distinction concerns the application of methods in this field. The trairūpya were applied to this field in a foundational text on it, Dignaga’s Hetucakra. In Buddhist tradition, this field is called hetu-vidya and is used in tandem with pramāṇa-vāda, roughly equivalent to Western (*) epistemology. A Jain innovation in this field that makes use of the term syat, or “arguably,” involves the deployment of seven distinct predicates. This (10[1])field includes (-5[1])a tetralemma with the values of “X and not X” and “neither X nor not X.” For 10 points, Buddhist and Hindu thinkers developed forms of deduction and induction when studying what field? (10[1])■END■ (10[1])