A 1993 BAMS (“bams”) paper by Crum and Alberty details specs for a common type of these scientific instruments, the WSR-88D. A quantity measured by these non-microscope scientific instruments is held equal to 200 times R to the 1.6 power in a formula named for Marshall and Palmer. These scientific instruments measure the Z used in Z-R relations, (15[1])which is typically reported in dBZ (“d-b-z”). AWACS crafts carry a dome named for carrying these scientific instruments, which can be updated to have (*) dual pol (“pole”) capability. These scientific instruments may be used to detect signatures like velocity couplets or hook (10[1])echoes (10[2]-5[1])on the right-rear (-5[2])flank (10[1])of supercells. (-5[1])Base reflectivity measured by these scientific instruments can be viewed on the NWS website, (-5[1])where (-5[1])it is overlaid (10[1])with warning polygons. For 10 points, what scientific instruments’ Doppler form is used to detect (10[1])precipitation (10[2])using microwave and radio (-5[1])waves? (10[2])■END■ (10[3]0[2])