A 1993 BAMS (“bams”) paper by Crum and Alberty details specs for a common type of these scientific instruments, the WSR-88D. A quantity measured by these non-microscope scientific instruments is held equal to 200 times R to the 1.6 power in a formula named for Marshall and Palmer. These scientific instruments measure the Z used in Z-R relations, which is typically reported in dBZ (“d-b-z”). AWACS crafts carry a dome named for carrying these scientific instruments, which can be updated to have (*) dual pol (“pole”) capability. These scientific instruments may be used to detect signatures like velocity couplets or hook echoes (10[1])on the right-rear flank of supercells. Base reflectivity measured by these scientific instruments can be viewed on the NWS website, where it is overlaid (10[1])with warning polygons. For 10 points, what scientific instruments’ Doppler form is used to detect precipitation using microwave and radio waves? ■END■