Rat CA3 cells were infected to express a fusion protein consisting of YFP and one of these proteins in a 2005 paper by the Deisseroth group. The first chapter of William Bialek’s Biophysics describes how certain cells can act as perfect counters due to the femtosecond excited-state interconversion of these proteins. (15[1])The duplication of LWS, (10[1])one (10[1])of these (10[1])proteins, (-5[1])gave (10[1])primates the ability to ascertain ripeness. The binding of arrestin-1 inhibits (10[1])one of these proteins, which activates (*) transducin (10[2])in a (-5[1])pathway (10[1])in (10[1])which a (10[1])phosphodiesterase cleaves (-5[1])cGMP. Neurons expressing ChR2, one of these proteins, are selectively activated by lasers in a common optogenetic procedure. These GPCRs bind to the pigmented 11-cis-retinal, a Vitamin A-derived molecule that isomerizes (10[2])after (10[1]0[3])absorbing light. For 10 points, name these photoreceptors, one of which is encoded by the RHO gene. ■END■