Michael Devitt introduced the idea that these events are affected by subsequent interactions, which he called “multiple groundings.” For 10 points each:
[10h] Give this term for the moment of “dubbing” that sets off a “causal chain.” Saul Kripke used this term in Naming and Necessity for the event when a name is first assigned to something and becomes a rigid designator.
ANSWER: baptism [or initial baptism; accept baptismal ceremony; accept word forms like baptizing]
[10m] Kripke’s account opposed a prior theory that treats the meaning of a name as equivalent to the set of these phrases. The essay “On Denoting” distinguishes between “definite” and “indefinite” examples of these phrases.
ANSWER: descriptions [accept descriptivism or word forms like describing]
[10e] This Cambridge philosopher laid the groundwork for his descriptivist theory of names in “On Denoting.” He also co-wrote Principia Mathematica with Alfred North Whitehead.
ANSWER: Bertrand Russell
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