These things are ignored when modelling metal-ligand complexes with the Kepert model. These things increase nucleophilicity of adjacent atoms in the alpha effect. Groups that cause positive mesomeric effects have a negative charge or one of these things. These things (15[1])may cause unexpected stereochemistry in substitution reactions due to neighboring group participation. (15[1])Borane cluster structure is predicted with a (15[1])theory named for (*) skeletal types of these entities. (10[1])Post-transition metals possess stable +2 oxidation states due to these entities being inert. (10[1])These entities take on a higher s-character according to Bent’s rule. VSEPR (10[1])attributes the bent shape of water (-5[1])to repulsion of hydrogens by these entities. (10[1])For 10 points, name these entities represented as two dots on a Lewis diagram. ■END■ (10[1])