These things are ignored when modelling metal-ligand complexes with the Kepert model. These things increase nucleophilicity of adjacent atoms in the alpha effect. Groups (-5[1])that cause (-5[1])positive mesomeric effects have a negative charge or one of these things. (15[2]-5[1])These things (15[1])may cause unexpected stereochemistry (15[1]-5[1])in (15[1])substitution reactions (15[1])due to neighboring group participation. (15[2])Borane cluster structure is predicted (15[1])with a (15[1])theory (15[1])named (15[1])for (*) skeletal types of (10[1])these entities. (10[3])Post-transition metals possess stable +2 oxidation states due to these entities (10[1])being inert. (10[2]-5[1])These entities (10[1]-5[1])take on a higher s-character (10[1])according to Bent’s rule. (10[1]-5[3])VSEPR (10[1]0[1]-5[1])attributes the bent (-5[1])shape (10[1])of water (-5[1])to repulsion of hydrogens (10[3])by (10[1])these entities. (10[3]-5[1])For 10 points, (10[1])name these entities represented as two dots on a (10[1])Lewis diagram. ■END■ (10[9]0[2])