Nonlocal types of this value are used in extensions beyond the Standard Model and are theorized to allow determination of the past quantum state of a distant entangled particle. Planck’s insight that this value was quantized led to his namesake constant as the “quantum” of this value. (15[1]-5[1])Pierre Maupertuis (“mo-pair-TWEE”) developed (-5[1])an early formulation (15[1])of a concept (-5[1])about this value which used (15[1])the “abbreviated” form of this value. In one formulation, the (*) angle variables are the canonical variables of variables named for this value. (-5[1])Functions named for this value are the primary solutions of the Hamilton-Jacobi equations. The development of the calculus of variations resulted in the principle that this value remains stationary under small perturbations for the Euler-Lagrange equations. For 10 points, name this value equal to the integral of the Lagrangian over time. ■END■ (10[2]0[2])