Nonlocal types of this value are used in extensions beyond the Standard Model and are theorized to allow determination of the past quantum state of a distant entangled particle. Planck’s insight that this value was quantized led to his namesake constant as the “quantum” of (-5[1])this (-5[1])value. (15[2]-5[5])Pierre (15[1])Maupertuis (15[1]-5[2])(“mo-pair-TWEE”) developed (-5[1])an early (15[1]-5[1])formulation (15[2])of a concept (-5[1])about this value (15[1])which used (15[3])the (15[1])“abbreviated” (15[1])form of this value. (15[1])In one formulation, the (*) angle variables are the canonical (10[1])variables (10[1])of variables named for this value. (-5[1])Functions named for this (10[1])value are the primary solutions of the Hamilton-Jacobi equations. (10[1]-5[1])The development of the calculus of variations resulted (10[1]-5[1])in the principle (10[1])that this value remains (10[1])stationary (10[4])under small perturbations for the Euler-Lagrange (10[2])equations. (-5[1])For 10 points, name this value equal to the integral of the Lagrangian over time. (10[1])■END■ (10[9]0[12])