In one model, the product of velocity and this phenomenon’s namesake “displacement” is an argument of the signum function. That equation for the restoring force over time is part of a model for this phenomenon named after Bouc and Wen. Examining this phenomenon on a microscopic level shows a series of random fluctuations called Barkhausen jumps that usually occur in (*) ferromagnets. Laminated cores mitigate energy loss due to eddy currents and this phenomenon’s namesake “loss.” (-5[1])Pinched forms of this phenomenon are displayed in memristors. The relationship between the induced magnetic flux density and the magnetizing force is called this phenomenon’s namesake “loops.” (10[1]-5[1])For 10 points, name this phenomenon in which a system’s state depends on its history. ■END■ (10[1]0[2])