These reactions can use N-hydroxy·methyl·amide Tscherniak–Einhorn reagents. The Crum Brown-Gibson rule predicts the position of substituents in these reactions. The largest negative rho values in the Hammet equation come from this reaction. Partial rate factors are used to measure the reactivity of inputs to these reactions. The formation of picric acid using one of these reactions is an example of (*) ipso attack. These reactions form a sigma complex called an arenium ion (10[1])as an intermediate. (10[1])Sulfuric acid catalyzes a nitration in a commonly-taught example of these reactions that can be controlled with ortho/para directors. (10[2])A Lewis acid such as aluminum chloride is used to attach an acyl or alkyl group in the Friedel–Crafts reaction, which is one of these reactions. For 10 points, name these reactions that add electron-deficient species onto benzene. ■END■ (10[1])