The Crocus scheme for modeling one form of this solid substance vertically discretizes it into a variable number of layers. Michael Stieglitz’s three-layer model of this substance is integrated into MERRA-2’s predictions of this substance’s behavior on land. One form of this substance in the Wasatch Front is enhanced by a salinity-driven decrease in (*) vapor pressure and latent heat flux. Automated stations for measuring the density of this solid substance may use pressure transducers to calculate the SWE. The Finger Lakes isotope record reflects a statistically significant (-5[1])increase of a regional form of this substance as a response to global warming. For 10 points, lake effect squalls of what substance are common in western New York? ■END■ (10[1])