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The Rankine–Hugoniot (“RANK-in oo-gohn-YOH”) conditions relate the discontinuities in density, pressure, and flow velocity across these phenomena. For 10 points each:
[10m] A sonic boom is the sound that results from what phenomena?
ANSWER: shock waves [accept sonic boom or bow shock or oblique shock; prompt on waves]
[10e] Sonic booms occur when an object exceeds the speed of sound, meaning its value of this scientist’s namesake number is greater than one. That number named for this scientist equals an object’s speed over the speed of sound.
ANSWER: Ernst Mach [accept Mach number]
[10h] The thickness of shock waves will approximately equal this quantity, which is very large in materials exhibiting ballistic transport. The Knudsen number equals this quantity over the length scale.
ANSWER: mean free path [prompt on mfp or lambda]
<Physics>

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Data

Southampton BBirmingham010010
Bristol AManchester1010020
Cambridge AOxford A1010020
Cambridge CCambridge B010010
Warwick ADurham A010010
Imperial BCambridge D010010
Imperial ALSE A1010020
Durham BLSE B010010
Southampton AOxford B010010
Bristol BVanderbilt1010020
Warwick BEdinburgh010010