The Machiguenga people are uncommonly inconsistent in applying this practice to individuals. The proto-Indo-Europeans are thought to have used a dithematic system of this practice. A taboo regarding this practice is well-documented among Aboriginal Australians, who may refrain from it directly after a death. By Arabic convention, a nasab of variable length may be used when applying this concept, as can an ism (“ISS-um”) and a kunya. In the wake of the Self-Respect movement, much of the Tamil diaspora has altered its application of this practice (10[1])to de-emphasize caste. (10[1]-5[1])Within different systems of this concept, the same function is served by the Kalenjin word “arap,” Welsh “ap,” and Russian “-ovich” or “-ovna.” For 10 points, give this practice, by which people are designated by one or more words. ■END■ (10[1])