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Some geographers argue that gravity models, which estimate the interaction between two cities, are insufficient for economic modeling as they use this variable to represent the “mass” of a city. For 10 points each:
[10e] Name this variable whose measurements can take into account city proper, making Berlin Germany’s largest city, or metropolitan area, making it the Rhine–Ruhr (“roor”). This is the central variable studied in demography.
ANSWER: population [accept answers like number of people or number of inhabitants]
[10h] Friedmann and Wolff noted that population is not a determining characteristic of these cities, whose name was coined by Saskia Sassen. The GaWC (“G-A-W-C”) biennially classifies these economic nodes into tiers named for Greek letters.
ANSWER: global cities [or world cities]
[10m] Two answers required. These are Germany’s two alpha cities, ranking above the larger Berlin and Hamburg. One of these two cities, in Hesse (“HESS-suh”), is Germany’s finance hub, while the other, in Bavaria, is Germany’s tech hub.
ANSWER: Frankfurt am Main (“mine”) AND Munich [accept answers in either order; accept Frangford am Maa in place of “Frankfurt am Main”; accept München or Minga in place of “Munich”]
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Data

Cambridge ACambridge B10101030
Oxford CCambridge C1001020
Durham AImperial B10101030
Imperial AEdinburgh1001020
KCLSheffield1001020
KielBristol1001020
Oxford BDurham B1001020
WarwickOxford A10101030