The position of these regions can be approximated with the Haley–Knott method, which outputs LOD (“lod”) values. Eric Lander modified MAPMAKER for a landmark paper with David Botstein on the statistical identification of these regions, which established them as concrete Mendelian factors. The PrediXcan tool (-5[1])uses a generalized version of these regions prefixed “e” as reference (10[1])for a TWAS (“TEE-woss”). Marker-directed selection in cereals usually uses microsatellites that flank these regions instead of SNPs (“snips”). Inbreeding two parent lines in opposite directions is a major cost when mapping these regions with linkage analysis. (10[1]-5[1])Most agriculturally-relevant phenotypes have additive contributions from several of these regions, (-5[2])which contain candidate genes. For 10 points, name these DNA regions that produce continuous phenotypes like size and color. (10[2]0[1])■END■ (0[18])