Question
The eponymous member of this class of proteins is named for Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard’s exclamation upon witnessing its mutation’s effect on embryonic patterning. For 10 points each:
[10m] Name this class of innate immune proteins whose second and fourth members recognize both PAMPs and DAMPs like histones, biglycans, and heparan sulfate.
ANSWER: toll-like receptors [or TLRs; accept specific TLRs like TLR2 or TLR4; prompt on toll; prompt on receptors]
[10h] The discovery that TLRs and PRRs recognize DAMPs supported this theory proposed by Polly Matzinger. Contra the self/nonself model, this theory posits that distressed cells release eponymous signals to initiate immunity.
ANSWER: danger model [or danger theory; accept danger signals]
[10e] TLR signaling’s emerging role in early stages of these disorders characterized by reaction against self-antigens further supports the danger theory’s argument that damage, not foreignness, activates immunity.
ANSWER: autoimmune disorders [or word forms like autoimmunity; prompt on hypersensitivity or intolerance]
<Biology>
Summary
| 2023 ACF Nationals | 04/22/2023 | Y | 24 | 13.33 | 92% | 38% | 4% |
Data
| Georgia Tech A | Chicago A | 0 | 0 | 10 | 10 |
| Claremont A | Penn State A | 0 | 0 | 10 | 10 |
| UC Berkeley B | Columbia B | 10 | 0 | 10 | 20 |
| Florida A | Ohio State A | 10 | 0 | 10 | 20 |
| Harvard A | MIT A | 10 | 0 | 10 | 20 |
| Indiana A | Columbia A | 0 | 0 | 10 | 10 |
| Iowa State A | Yale B | 0 | 0 | 10 | 10 |
| Chicago B | Maryland A | 10 | 0 | 10 | 20 |
| Georgia Tech B | McGill A | 0 | 0 | 10 | 10 |
| Michigan A | Vanderbilt A | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Rutgers B | Minnesota B | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| NYU A | Florida B | 0 | 0 | 10 | 10 |
| North Carolina A | Minnesota A | 0 | 0 | 10 | 10 |
| Imperial A | Purdue A | 0 | 0 | 10 | 10 |
| Stanford A | Duke A | 10 | 0 | 10 | 20 |
| UC Berkeley A | Toronto A | 0 | 0 | 10 | 10 |
| South Carolina A | WUSTL B | 0 | 0 | 10 | 10 |
| Brown A | Yale A | 10 | 0 | 10 | 20 |
| Chicago C | Northwestern A | 10 | 0 | 10 | 20 |
| WUSTL A | Cornell A | 10 | 10 | 10 | 30 |
| Cornell B | Texas A | 0 | 0 | 10 | 10 |
| Johns Hopkins A | Houston A | 0 | 0 | 10 | 10 |
| Rutgers A | Illinois A | 10 | 0 | 10 | 20 |
| Virginia A | Penn A | 0 | 0 | 10 | 10 |