The eponymous member of this class of proteins is named for Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard’s exclamation upon witnessing its mutation’s effect on embryonic patterning. For 10 points each:
[10m] Name this class of innate immune proteins whose second and fourth members recognize both PAMPs and DAMPs like histones, biglycans, and heparan sulfate.
ANSWER: toll-like receptors [or TLRs; accept specific TLRs like TLR2 or TLR4; prompt on toll; prompt on receptors]
[10h] The discovery that TLRs and PRRs recognize DAMPs supported this theory proposed by Polly Matzinger. Contra the self/nonself model, this theory posits that distressed cells release eponymous signals to initiate immunity.
ANSWER: danger model [or danger theory; accept danger signals]
[10e] TLR signaling’s emerging role in early stages of these disorders characterized by reaction against self-antigens further supports the danger theory’s argument that damage, not foreignness, activates immunity.
ANSWER: autoimmune disorders [or word forms like autoimmunity; prompt on hypersensitivity or intolerance]
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