Word forms are acceptable. A dynasty with this name was the first to use a cross made of five blue shields with white dots that is still used on Portugal’s flag. In his book The Autumn of the Middle Ages, Johan Huizinga (-5[2])(“HOW-zin-ga”) argues a state with this name made of patchwork fiefdoms (10[4])sponsored an (10[1])“overripe” chivalric (10[1])court culture (10[1])that awaited (10[1])the Renaissance. (10[2])An upper and lower state (10[1])with this (10[1])name were merged (10[2])to form a kingdom (10[1]-5[1])sometimes called Arelat (10[1])within the Holy Roman (10[1])Empire. A cadet (10[1])branch of the Valois (“VAL-wah”) dynasty (10[1])ruled (-5[1])a virtually-independent duchy (10[2])with this (10[1])name (10[1])that often changed sides (-5[1])during the (10[2])Hundred (10[1])Years’ (10[2])War (10[6]-5[1])under (10[2])dukes (10[1])like Philip the Good (10[2])and Charles the (10[1])Bold. (10[7])For (10[1])10 points, (10[2])what name given to many different states in eastern (-5[1])France (10[1])is (10[1])synonymous with a (10[1])dark shade of (10[1])red (10[1])associated with its wine? ■END■ (10[6]0[1])