This writer translated his notion of "khudi" with the English word "ego," as in the lecture "The Human Ego--His Freedom and Immortality." For 10 points each:
[10h] Name this Muslim thinker who designated God as the Ultimate Ego in the lectures in The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam.
ANSWER: Muhammad Iqbal [or Allama Sir Muhammad Iqbal]
[10m] Muhammad Iqbal praised Turkey's abolition of the office of caliph in light of this principle of "exertion" in Islamic jurisprudence. Iqbal sought to re-open the metaphorical gates of this practice to solve modern challenges.
ANSWER: ijtihad
[10e] Iqbal is hailed as the sage of this group. Iqbal's Pakistani nationalism is balanced by his emphasis on this transnational community of all Muslims, whose Arabic name comes from a word for "mother."
ANSWER: ummah [or ummat al-Islam; or ummat al-mu'minin; or ummah wahidah; or Sage of the Ummah; or Hakeem-ul-Ummat]
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