In the 19th century, Dutch subjects participating in this event would endure Middle Passage–style conditions when sailing from Singapore. For 10 points each:
[10m] Name this event that began to be dominated by European steamship companies in the 19th century. Richard Francis Burton adopted a Pashtun disguise to partake in this event.
ANSWER: the hajj
[10e] The British mandated the use of this practice for the hajj after an 1865 cholera outbreak. This public health measure could last for 15 days for anyone entering the Ottoman Empire at Thessaly.
ANSWER: forced quarantine [prompt on medical isolation]
[10h] This Ottoman sultan called for Muslims around the world to fund the Hejaz Railway to Mecca. This last Ottoman sultan to hold real power was deposed in 1909.
ANSWER: Abdul Hamid II [or Abdülhamid II; prompt on Abdul Hamid or Abdul or Hamid]
<Michael Bentley, History - Cross, Historiography, and Miscellaneous> ~20097~ <Editor: Michael Bentley>