A model of these substances that fully incorporates changes in charge density was developed as a universal model, as it uses a single set of parameters, unlike the previous 8 iterations of that model. Ben-Naim developed a model for one of these substances based on the Mercedes-Benz logo, while another method known as COSMO reduces the error when describing these substances by scaling a (*) screened interaction parameter. Transferable intermolecular potential and simple point charge models are explicit models of the most commonly (10[1])used one of these substances. These substances are often modelled implicitly as a polarisable continuum when simulating molecules in a biological environment. Water is called the “universal” (10[3])example of, for 10 points, what substances that must be modelled alongside solutes when simulating chemistry in solution? ■END■