John Searle’s Chinese Room Argument is commonly used to argue against the strong kind of this concept. For 10 points each:
[10e] Name this concept possessed by machines that think like a human. The Turing Test is used to see if a machine has this concept.
ANSWER: (strong) artificial intelligence [or (strong) AI, prompt on partial answer]
[10h] Roger Penrose argued against strong AI in this 1989 book which argues that quantum processes are essential to understanding consciousness. He later expanded on this book in the sequel Shadows of the Mind.
ANSWER: The Emperor’s New Mind
[10m] The Emperor’s New Mind has been criticized for misapplying these statements to disprove a computational theory of mind. These statements published in 1931 disrupted Hilbert’s program of axiomatization.
ANSWER: Gödel’s incompleteness theorems [prompt on partial answers; accept Gödel’s first incompleteness theorem or Gödel’s second incompleteness theorem]