A seminal work on this concept has been rebutted by Nicholas Orme and Geoffrey Elton, with one of the criticisms by the latter being the uncareful use of portraits. For 10 points each:
[10m] A 1960 book by Philippe Ariès (“ahr-YESS”) claims that what concept was invented in the early modern period?
ANSWER: childhood [or equivalents such as being a kid, boyhood, girlhood, or children; accept childlore; accept Centuries of Childhood or The Child and Family Life in the Ancien Régime or L’enfant et la vie familiale sous l’ancien régime; prompt on youth, being young, adolescence, development or life stages; reject “babyhood” or “infancy”]
[10e] The book Race After Hitler argues that children of Black soldiers who were pejoratively called “Mischlingskinder” became “German” after the adoption of this stable currency, which ushered in the Wirtschaftswunder (“veert-shafts-VOON-duh”).
ANSWER: Deutsche Mark [or German mark; or D-mark or DM; accept Deutschmark; reject “Reichsmark”] (Heide Fehrenbach wrote Race After Hitler.)
[10h] Poor “children of the road” from this Germanic minority group were abducted from their families to become indentured Verdingkinder in Switzerland. Many “ragmen” in Luxembourg came from this itinerant group.
ANSWER: Yenish [or Jenische, Yéniche, d’Jéinesch; prompt on Travellers]
<Nick Jensen, European History>