A major symbol of this movement was a cross made up of four “F”s, representing the motto “fresh, pious, cheerful, free.” The founder of this movement declared that “Poles, French, priests, aristocrats, and Jews” were a national “misfortune.” Miroslav Tyrs founded a Slavic counterpart to this movement whose flag depicted a white falcon. Followers of this movement, who also belonged to burschenschaften, organized the infamous book-burning at the (*) Wartburg festival. The “Sokol” promoted this movement in the Slavic lands of Austria-Hungary. Friedrich Jahn, the “father” of this movement, organized clubs called Turnverein (“turn”-ver-ine) . For 10 points, name this aspect of “physical culture” popular in 19th century Germany, which involved using the pommel horse and parallel bars. ■END■
ANSWER: gymnastics [accept Turnverein before it is read; accept Turners before Turnverein is read, prompt after; accept the Sokol before it is read; accept calisthenics; prompt on answers indicating physical culture or weightlifting; prompt on German nationalism; do not accept “Gymnasiums”]
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= Average correct buzz position