In one paper, Elinor Ochs argues that these statements occur more frequently in Malagasy conversation than in English due to Malagasy’s higher power value on information. In their definition of these statements, Thomas Carson and Jennifer Saul use the notion of warranting to distinguish these statements from jokes. Newman et al. developed the LIWC (“luke”) program to analyze these statements, from which they found that (*) stories based on these statements were less complex (-5[1])and more characterized by (10[1])negativity. To argue that semantic prototypes are valid for abstract domains, Linda Coleman and Paul Kay formulated a three-component one for these speech acts. In a seminal work, (-5[1])Harry Frankfurt (-5[1])contends that bullshit (10[1])and humbug (-5[1])both fall short of these statements. (10[3]-5[2])For 10 points, (10[1])name these false (-5[1])statements (10[5])that can be characterized by an intent to (10[1])deceive. (10[3])■END■ (10[9]0[1])