A ruler of this polity was the subject of a Latin-language biography by the Sienese merchant Bertrando de Mignanelli (“MEEN-yah-NELL-lee”). After the first ruler of this polity was murdered in his bath by his second wife, the consorts of his first wife beat the second wife to death with a pair of clogs. This was the later of two polities in which the pepper trade was controlled by kārimī merchants. A line of rulers of this polity were denoted “of the tower” in opposition to their predecessors “of the river.” This polity sheltered an exiled şehzade (“sheh-ZAH-deh”) who later submitted to the Knights Hospitaller and then the Papacy and was named Cem Sultan (“jem SOOL-tahn”). This polity was destroyed after the 1517 Battle of Ridaniya (“reh-duh-NEE-yuh”) by Selim I. This polity’s first ruler is usually considered to be Shajar al-Durr, who was widowed after the Seventh Crusade. This polity’s Burji dynasty was ruled by former Circassian slaves. For 10 points, name this sultanate that overthrew the Ayyubids (“eye-YOO-bids”) in Egypt. ■END■
ANSWER: Mamluk Sultanate [or Salṭanat al-Mamālīk; prompt on Burji dynasty or state of the Circassians until “Burji” is read; prompt on Bahri dynasty; reject “Egypt”] (Mignanelli wrote the Ascensus Barcoch. The Burji and Bahri dynasties were called “of the tower” and “of the river,” respectively.)
<World History>
= Average correct buzz position