As part of an “epistemology” named for this process, Northwestern psychologist Donald T. Campbell conducted studies of false knowledge. Robert Boyd and Peter Richerson’s work on the cultural form of this process emphasizes the existence of “oblique” and “horizontal” transmission. The choice between conciliation (-5[1])and conflict is highlighted in a model from a field named for this process, the “hawk–dove.” A strategy that is impermeable in a population is said to be “stable” with respect to this process. John Maynard Smith is largely credited with founding a discipline of game theory named for this process based on the theories of geneticist George Price. For 10 points, what process was first applied to human societies by Herbert Spencer, who coined the phrase “survival of the fittest?” ■END■ (0[1])