Without boundary conditions, the wavefunction for the lowest of these states consists of a Gaussian times an arbitrary analytic function. For 10 points each:
[10h] Name these quantized cyclotron orbits for electrons in a magnetic field. The derivation of these states shows they are analogous to quantum harmonic oscillators with energy proportional to field strength.
ANSWER: Landau levels
[10m] The filling of Landau levels helps explain the integer version of this effect, which was discovered by Klaus von Klitzing in 1980. In this effect, the conductance of a system in a strong magnetic field is quantized in units of e-squared over h.
ANSWER: quantum Hall effect [accept integer quantum Hall effect; accept fractional quantum Hall effect; prompt on Hall effect]
[10e] Landau levels and the quantum Hall effect are only observed in systems of this type. Systems with this property are completely confined to a surface.
ANSWER: two-dimensional [or 2D]
<Editors, Physics>