Most languages fulfill Optimality Theory’s HNuc (“H-nuke”) constraint by making these constructs obligatory, unlike Czech and Tashelhiyt (“ta-shill-HEET”) Berber. Back mutation in Old English is an example of the “breaking” of these constructs. In one Salishan language, the phrase “then he had in his possession a bunchberry plant” entirely lacks these constructs. (10[1])Unlike standard Italian’s seven, Sardinian only distinguishes five of these constructs’ qualities. The transition from Middle to Early Modern English brought (10[1])about a “Great” (10[1])shift of (10[1])these constructs. (10[1])Two of these constructs are undergoing the “cot–caught” merger in American English. For 10 points, name these linguistic sounds contrasted with consonants. ■END■