John Searle posited these things as a “cluster” of components whose disjunction is only known to be possessed a priori. For 10 points each:
[10m] Identify these things that, with “Necessity,” title a lecture series by Saul Kripke that rejects descriptivism.
ANSWER: names [accept proper names; accept cluster theory of names; accept Naming and Necessity; prompt on rigid designators]
[10e] Douglas Hofstadter described “strange loops” created by self-reference in a book partially titled for this mathematician. In Naming and Necessity, Kripke argues against the descriptivist theory of names by describing a world where this mathematician’s friend Schmidt theorized his two incompleteness theorems.
ANSWER: Kurt Gödel [or Kurt Friedrich Gödel; accept Gödel’s incompleteness theorems; accept Gödel, Escher, Bach]
[10h] In Naming and Necessity, Kripke posits this theory of reference based on historical chains. A Gareth Evans paper cites Marco Polo’s misunderstanding of the meaning of “Madagascar” to advocate for including “multiple groundings” alongside “initial baptism” in this theory.
ANSWER: causal theory of reference [or causal connections; or causal chains; or causal-historical theory; accept “The Causal Theory of Names”; accept causes]
<Queen's A, Philosophy>