John Duns Scotus argued that these are the only things we can experience out in the world, and that we can only indirectly infer the existence of their opposite through reason. For 10 points each:
[10m] Name these concepts, which nominalists like Peter Abelard and William of Ockham argued only exist in the mind.
ANSWER: universals [or common natures]
[10h] Scotus argued that all things are made up of universal common natures and these individual essences that make things the particular things they are.
ANSWER: haecceities (“heck-SEE-uh-tees”) [or haecceity; or haecceitism]
[10e] Before Scotus, Thomas Aquinas followed this philosopher in identifying matter as the principle of individuation. All substances are composed of form and matter according to this ancient Greek philosopher’s hylomorphism.
ANSWER: Aristotle
<Michael Bucknall, Philosophy>