Adulterine castles, so named because they were believed to have been built without royal permission, were most commonly erected in this time period. For 10 points each:
[10e] Name this time period, which began after the White Ship sank. During this time period, Stephen of Blois and Empress Matilda’s disputes over the thrones of England and Normandy resulted in widespread chaos.
ANSWER: the Anarchy
[10m] Many of the adulterine castles were built according to this common castle design pattern, which features both a keep on raised ground as well as a ditch and palisade enclosing a courtyard.
ANSWER: motte-and-bailey castle
[10h] After the Anarchy, there is improved historical evidence that many castle builders were issued these documents, whose later name classifies them as royal permissions to erect fortifications.
ANSWER: license to crenellate [or licenses to crenellate; prompt on license to fortify or licenses to fortify]
<Benjamin McAvoy-Bickford, European History>